History of geology--Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasil'evich
Lomonosov
History of Geology
James S. Aber

Born: 19 (?) Nov. 1711, Denisovka, now Lomonosov.
Died: 4 April 1765, buried at St. Petersburg.

Table of Contents
Abstract Introduction
Major works Russian education
Historical assessment Related websites

**Table of Contents**
Abstract	Introduction
Major works	Russian education
Historical assessment	Related websites

Abstract

Lomonosov was the first Russian natural scientist of world importance. He had encyclopedic knowledge, interests and abilities, and he also is known as a poet, artist, and Russian historian. He studied at Moscow, St. Petersburg, and in Germany, and became the first Russian professor of chemistry at St. Petersburg Academy of Science in 1745. His major scientific accomplishment was in the field of physical chemistry, with other notable discoveries in astronomy, geophysics, geology and mineralogy.

His two most important geological publications are A word on the formation of metals from earth tremors (1757) and On the Earth's strata, published in 1763 as a supplement to a treatise on metallurgy. He developed the principle that nature undergoes regular, continuous evolution, the actualistic method, which has much in common with Hutton's later concept of uniformitarianism. He demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber, and made significant contributions in mineralogy.

Lomonosov was well regarded by contemporary European scientists; he was elected honorary member of the Swedish (1760) and Bologna (1764) academies of science. He worked persistantly to upgrade the quality of Russian scientific education, and his efforts resulted in the founding in 1755 of what is now Moscow State University. Lomonosov occupies a central place in the history of Russian science, and he is memorialized in many place names and honorary scientific medals.

Introduction

Lomonosov was the first Russian scientist of world importance. He had encyclopedic knowledge, interests and abilities. He was a poet, artist and historian. His father was a successful merchant fisherman of the peasant class in the White Sea region of northwestern Russia. Lomonosov travelled extensively along the northern Russian coast, into Lapland, and as far as Svalbard with his father's trading ventures. Lomonosov desired an education, however, and he learned to read and write poetry and studied mathematics.

In the winter of 1730-31, he walked with a trading caravan from Arkhangelsk 800 miles to Moscow. There he posed as the son of a nobleman to gain admission to the Slavo-Graeco-Latin Academy in Moscow. He proved to be an outstanding student, and his humble origin was overlooked when later discovered. He was sent to the Academic University in St. Petersburg in 1735 for advanced training. Then he was sent in 1736 to Germany, where he studied mineralogy and chemistry, first at Marburg University and later at the Freiburg Academy. He had a secret marriage in Germany and, following some ill-conceived adventures including a few days in the Prussian Army, he returned to Russia in 1741. In 1742, he was appointed to a physics position at the St. Petersburg Academy of Science. The St. Petersburg Academy of Science was highly respected in Europe; it was staffed at this time mainly by foreign scientists, for example Lehmann. Lomonosov became the first native-born Russian professor of chemistry at the academy in 1745. Lomonosov's scientific activity falls in three periods of his life.

Various chemical and physical research prior to 1748.
In 1748 he founded the first chemistry laboratory in Russia and pursued mainly chemical projects for the next five years.
After 1753 he investigated diverse fields of natural and applied science. His geological contributions came mainly during this last period.

Portrait of Lomonosov. Provided
from the FUNET Russian Archive.

Major Works

His major scientific work was in physical chemistry. He supported the "atomic-molecular" theory of matter and "molecular-kinetic" theory of heat. The latter was a forerunner of thermodynamics that developed in the following century. Lomonosov was a leader in development of quantitative chemistry and physics. He had interests in optics and astronomy. During a transit of Venus across the Sun on 26 May 1761, he discovered that Venus possesses an atmosphere. His two most important geological publications were both written in Latin.

A word on the formation of metals from earth tremors (1757).
On the Earth's strata (1763), a supplement to a treatise on metallurgy.

Lomonosov supported the fundamental principle of the regular, continuous evolution of nature. He believed the natural environment is not static or unchanging, which was the popular belief of the time. He considered that ancient geology should be interpreted by comparison to modern geological processes, an approach he called the actualistic method. This approach had much in common with Hutton's later concept of uniformitarianism. Lomonosov was the first to explicitly separate geological processes into external (exogenic—wind, rain, rivers, glaciers, etc.) and internal (endogenic—tectonic movement, volcanoes, etc.). Most believed at the time that the Earth's crust was stationary. Lomonosov distinguished both slow warping of the crust (epeirogeny) and mountain building (orogeny).

Lomonosov had a particular interest in mineralogy going back to his German education. He noticed natural groupings or occurrences of certain ore minerals and noted that certain minerals typically indicate the presence of other minerals. This phenomenon is now called paragenesis—the common genesis of related minerals. His paper on Discourses on the hardness and liquidity of bodies describes geometric arrangements for packing spheres (atoms) in the crystal lattice. He noted the constancy of crystal interfacial angles. Lomonosov also applied chemical analysis to determine the genesis of various rocks and proved the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber.

Russian Education

Lomonosov strove to upgrade the quality of Russian science and education. He attempted, but failed, to found a university in St. Petersburg. He eventually succeeded in founding what is now Moscow State University in 1755. This university, officially named after Lomonosov, is at the apex of the Russian system of higher education. In 1765, Lomonosov caught a cold and died at age 54. He is buried in the cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Monastary in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Left: front entrance to the main building at Moscow State University, Russia. The massive structure was erected during the Stalinist years as a monument to Soviet achievement. Right: back side of the main building at Moscow State University, Russia. Photos © J.S. Aber.

Historical Assessment

Lomonosov was well regarded by contemporary European scientists. He was made an honorary member of the Swedish Academy of Science in 1760 and became an honorary member of the Bologna Academy of Science in 1764. He occupies a central place in the history of Russian science. Lomonosov is memorialized in many place names—Arctic submarine ridge, Atlantic current, etc. The Russian Academy of Sciences awards Lomonosov honorary medals in scientific achievement—one to a Russian and one to a foreign scientist. Yet, he is not even mentioned in our textbook (Faul and Faul 1983)—an oversight.